Esophageal Cancer: What Causes It & How Surgery Helps

Esophageal cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that begins in the lining of the esophagus the muscular tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. Although it’s not as common as other types of cancer, its impact can be severe, especially if not detected early.

What Causes Esophageal Cancer?

Esophageal cancer usually develops from long-term damage to the cells lining the esophagus. There are two main types:

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma – Begins in the flat cells lining the esophagus, often linked to smoking and alcohol use.
• Adenocarcinoma – Develops in mucus-producing cells, more common in people with long-standing acid reflux or Barrett’s esophagus.

Key Risk Factors:

• Smoking and Alcohol: Both increase the risk significantly, especially when combined.
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux can damage the esophageal lining.
• Barrett’s Esophagus: A condition where normal cells are replaced with abnormal ones, increasing cancer risk.
• Obesity: Can contribute to acid reflux and increase the risk of adenocarcinoma.
• Dietary Factors: A lack of fruits and vegetables or a diet high in processed foods may contribute.
• Age and Gender: More common in men over 50.

Signs and Symptoms to Watch

Early esophageal cancer might not cause any noticeable symptoms. As it progresses, the following may appear:

• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
• Unexplained weight loss
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Hoarseness or chronic cough
• Vomiting or regurgitation of food

If you notice persistent difficulty in swallowing or unexplained symptoms, consult a specialist immediately.

How Surgery Helps in Treatment

Surgery is a key treatment for many patients, especially when the cancer is diagnosed early or has not spread beyond the esophagus.

Types of Surgical Procedures:

1. Esophagectomy: The most common procedure, where part or all of the esophagus is removed, and the remaining part is reconstructed using tissue from the stomach or colon.

2. Minimally Invasive or Robotic-Assisted Surgery: These techniques use smaller incisions, reduce recovery time, and lower complications.

3. Palliative Surgery: In advanced cases, surgery can be used to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life rather than cure the disease.

Importance of Early Detection

Early detection offers the best chance for successful treatment. Regular monitoring for those at high risk such as individuals with Barrett’s esophagus can help catch cancer before it advances.

Esophageal cancer is challenging, but advances in surgical treatment and awareness of risk factors can lead to better outcomes. If you experience any warning signs or have known risk factors, speak with a surgical oncologist about screening and treatment options.