Parathyroid cancer is one of the rarest types of cancer, affecting the small parathyroid glands in the neck. These glands are located near the thyroid and are responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

Although parathyroid cancer accounts for less than 1% of all cases of  hyperparathyroidism, it is a serious condition that requires early detection and expert surgical treatment.

What Causes Parathyroid Cancer?

The exact cause is unknown, but certain factors can increase the risk:

·   Genetic syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1)

·   Previous neck radiation exposure

·   Long-standing high calcium levels in the blood

Unlike many other cancers, parathyroid cancer often grows slowly, but its effects on calcium regulation can cause severe health problems.

Symptoms and Warning Signs

High calcium levels (hypercalcemia) are often the first clue. Symptoms may include:

·  Bone pain and fractures

·  Kidney stones

·  Abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting

·  Weakness and fatigue

·  Confusion or memory issues

If you experience a combination of these symptoms, especially with persistently high calcium levels, a specialist evaluation is essential.

How Is It Diagnosed?

Diagnosis usually involves:

·   Blood tests to measure calcium and PTH levels

·   Imaging scans (ultrasound, CT, MRI) to locate the tumor

·   Biopsy in some cases, though often avoided before surgery to prevent spreading  cells

Treatment: Surgery Is Key

The primary treatment for parathyroid cancer is surgical removal of the affected gland along with surrounding tissues if necessary. Surgery not only removes the tumor but also helps normalize calcium levels, which is critical for overall health.

In some cases, additional treatments such as radiation therapy may be considered, especially if the cancer returns.

Why Early Detection Matters

The earlier parathyroid cancer is treated, the better the chances of preventing serious complications like severe hypercalcemia, which can affect the heart, kidneys, and bones.

Parathyroid cancer may be rare, but its impact on the body’s calcium balance makes it a serious condition. Awareness of the symptoms, regular check-ups for those at risk, and timely surgical intervention are the best ways to ensure a positive outcome.

If you have unexplained high calcium levels or related symptoms, consult an surgical oncologist without delay.